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Emergency Medicine Bibliography
1. Barlow, W.K.; Vapor Pressure versus Freezing Point Osmometry in Biological
Fluids Containing Ethanol. Wescor, Inc. Argues that while vapor pressure
does not measure ethanol, this should not be an issue with their osmometer,
which is suited to pediatric testing. At the time of this publication
vapor pressure did have an advantage in lesser sample requirement. It
no longer does.
2. Bell, R.H.; Pappas, A.A.; Taylor, E.H.; The Use of Osmolality in Detecting
Alcohols. American Association of Clinical Science - Seminar, November
1987.
3. Bhagat, C.I.; Garcia-Webb, P.; Dusci, L.J.; Errors in Estimating Ethanol
Concentration in Plasma by Using the "Osmolal Gap". Clinical
Chemistry, 31(4): 647, 1985.
4. Champion, H.R.; Baker, S.P.; Benner, C.; Fisher, R.; et al; Alcohol
Intoxication and Serum Osmolality. Lancet, (6): 1402, 1975. Early investigation.
Work has been updated and expanded in other studies, but not disproven.
5. Feld, R.D.; Acute Ethanol Intoxication. Clinical Chemistry News, p.
12, May 1988.
6. Geller, R.J.; Spyker, D.A.; Herold, D.A.; Bruns, D.E.; Serum Osmolal
Gap and Ethanol Concentration: A Simple and Accurate Formula; Journal
of Clinical Toxicology, 24: 77, 1986.
7. Pappas, A.A.; Gadsden, R.H.; Taylor, E.H.; Serum Osmolality in Acute
Intoxication: A Prospective Clinical Study. American Journal of Clinical
Pathology, 84 (1): 74 July 1985.
8. Pope, L.; Kotyman, R.; Effects of Alcoholism on Blood and CSF Osmolality.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biology, 134: 430. See Also: Robinson; Rocco; Redetzki,
Draviam.
Drug Intoxication Screening:
1. Bekeris, L., Baker, C., Fenton, J., Kimball, D., et al. Propylene Glycol
as a Cause of Elevated Serum Osmolality. Am. Journal of Clinical Pathology,
72 (4): 633, October 1979.
2. Cate, J.C., Propylene Glycol Intoxication and Lactic Acidosis. NEJM,
303 (21): 1237.
3. Chan, K-M, Ethylene Glycol, Isopropanol, and Methanol. Clinical Chemistry
News, p. 18, May 1989.
4. Glasser, L., Sternglanz, P.D., Combie, J., Robinson, A., Serum Osmolality
and Its Applicability to Drug Overdose. Am. Journal of Clinical Pathology,
60: 695, November 1973.
5. Peterson, C.D., Collins, A.J., Himes, J.M., Bullock, et al. Ethylene
Glycol Poisoning, NEJM, 304 (1): 21 January 1981.
6. Stern, E.L., Serum Osmolality in Cases of Poisoning (letter), NEJM,
p. 1026, 2 May 1974.
top
Head Injury:
Mannitol in Cerebral Edema
Cosgray, R.; Davidhizar, R.; Giger, J. N.; Kreisl, R.: A program for water-intoxicated
patients at a state hospital; Clin Nurse Spec, Vol. 7: No. 2; 1993 Mar;
pp. 55-61.
Trost, H.A.; Gaab, M.R.: Plasma osmolality, osmoregulation
and prognosis after head injury;
Acta Neurochir (Wien); Vol.116: No.1; 1992; pp.33-7.
Gullans, S.R., Verbalis, J.G.: Control of brain volume
during hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar conditions; Annu Rev Med; Vol. 44;
1993; pp. 289-301.
Coma/Burns:
Settle, J.A.D., Urine Output Following Severe Burns. Jnl. Int. Soc. For
Burn Injury, 1 (1) September 1974
top
Quality Control:
Kamel, K. S.; Ethier, J. H.; Richardson, R. M.; Bear, R. A.; Halperin,
M. L..: Urine electrolytes and osmolality: when and how to use them; Am
J Nephrol; Vol. 10: No. 2; 1990; pp. 89-102
Law, R. 0.: Regulation of mammalian brain cell volume; J Exp Zool; Vol. 268: No. 2; 1994; pp. 90-6
Trachtman, H.: Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms
and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II; Pediatr
Nephrol; Vol. 6: No. 1; 1992; pp.104-12 .
Emergency Medicine
Osterloh JD. Discrepancies in osmolal gaps and calculated alcohol concentrations
-see comments-. Archives of Pathology Laboratory Medicine 1996; 120: 637-41.
Walker JA. Missing gap: pitfall in the diagnosis of alcohol intoxication by osmometry. Archives of Internal Medicine 1986; 146: 1843-4.
Braggion F. Pediatric emergency laboratory. Z Medical Lab Diagn 1991; 32: 159-62.
Emergency Medicine Bulletin Board. Isopropyl Alcohol.
http://www.embbs.com/cr/alc/alc5.html
Osmol Gap
Bhagat, C.I., Garcia-Webb, P., Fletcher, E., Beilby, J.P. Calculated versus
Measured Plasma Osmolalities Revisited. Clinical Chemistry, 30(10):1703
1984
Boyd, D.R., Mansberger, A.R., Serum Water and Osmolal Changes in Hemorrhagic Shock: An Experimental and Clinical Study, Am Surgeon, 34: 744 (1968)
Dorwart, W.V., Chalmers, L., Comparison of Methods for Calculating Serum Osmolality from Chemical Concentrations, and the Prognostic Value of Such Computations, Clinical Chemistry, 21: 190 (1975)
Eskew, L., Speicher, C.E., Using Anion and Osmolal Gaps to Diagnose the Cause of Intoxication, Diagnostic Medicine, p. 6 February 1985
Evans, J.R., Osmolal Gaps in Urine, Clinical Chemistry, 32(7): 1415 (1986)
Evans, J.R., Yet More on Osmolal Gaps in Urine, Clinical Chemistry, 33(5): 736 (1987)
Garg, A.K., Nanji, A.A., Osmolar Gap, Diagnostic Medicine, p. 38 Mar/Apr 1982
Neary, R.H., More on Osmolal Gaps in Urine, Clinical Chemistry, 32(12): 2225 (1986)
Soloway, H.B., What is an osmotic gap, and how is it used in diagnosis?, Diagnostic Medicine, p. 20 Nov/Dec 1983
Speicher, C.E., Anion and Osmolal Gaps, Consultation Casebook, Pathologist, 2: 117 (1984)
Weisberg, H.F., Osmolality: Calculated, "Delta"
and More Formulas. Clinical Chemistry, 21: 1182 (1975)